League table of alternative fuels

Scientists in Norway have drawn up a league table of alternative fuels for cars based on what they call a 'well-to-wheel' analysis that takes into account obtaining the fuel, manufacturing, total energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, and local and regional pollutants. Karl Høyer of Oslo University College and Erling Holden of Western Norway Research Institute, looked at complete fuel chains, including petrol, natural gas, and alternative fuel sources such as methanol and ethanol, hydrogen and biofuels.¹