Metavisualisation helps with mental models

Johnstone’s triangle summarises levels of representation regularly used when thinking about chemical concepts. Of the three levels, the submicroscopic is probably the most important for understanding or explaining how chemical processes occur. A student’s understanding of how the submicroscopic level is visually represented, for example in diagrams, is directly linked to their understanding of the underlying chemistry concepts.

Many visual representations can explain the same underlying chemistry. For example, when drawing a particle diagram you could represent water as a simple circle, or choose to show the individual atoms. An important consideration is how students regulate their own understanding, known as metacognition. Metacognition when encountering multiple representations of the same chemical phenomenon is termed metavisualisation.

Microscopic models

In a new study, researchers have investigated whether a task incorporating a metavisual strategy can improve students’ submicroscopic level understanding. Their study focused on precipitation reactions from mixing salt solutions. It involved only six undergraduate students, but analysed their actions and thoughts in depth.

The researchers asked the students to consider the mixing of aqueous solutions of KCl and AgNO₃. The students’ task required them to use coloured clay to construct a visual representation of the submicroscopic level immediately after mixing, and then after the precipitation of AgCl. Next, students compared their representations with a scientifically correct particle diagram of the same reaction. Finally, they reconstructed their own representations. The final two tasks are metavisual strategies.

For their analysis, the research team photographed the clay models and took audio recordings of the students’ discussions as they proceeded through the activity.

The researchers found evidence that the students used self-regulation to refine their mental models at the submicroscopic level. Fourteen broad ideas emerged from the analysis. These revealed the specific moments of metavisualisation. For example, students realised their representations did not depict water, which is important to understanding dissolution. Students also realised the importance of illustrating the crystalline structure of AgCl.