All Johnstone's model articles
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CPDTeaching conservation of mass at 14–16
Help learners master the concept of conservation of mass with these hands-on teaching ideas
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ResourceCovalent bonding | Developing understanding | 14–16 years
Develop learners’ understanding of the size and shape of covalent structures by interpreting a range of diagrams and models
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ResourceIonic bonding | Developing understanding | 14–16 years
Develop learners’ understanding of ionic lattices through comparing 2D and 3D representations
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ResourceMetallic bonding | Developing understanding | 14–16
Develop learners’ sub-microscopic understanding by interpreting a range of models used to represent metallic structure and metal ions
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ResourceCarbon allotropes | Developing understanding | 14–16
Encourage learners to think about how different structures of carbon are represented and what this means at the sub-microscopic level
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FeatureImprove students’ understanding with Johnstone’s triangle
Make abstract ideas concrete by linking macroscopic, submicroscopic and symbolic representations
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ResourceCovalent bonding | Johnstone’s triangle worksheets | 14–16 years
Use these worksheets to develop learners’ understanding of covalent bonding, including symbolic models and how macroscopic properties relate to the type of bonding
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ResourceIonic bonding | Johnstone’s triangle worksheets | 14–16 years
Use these worksheets to develop learners’ understanding of ionic structures and bonding, including symbols and diagrams and how macroscopic properties are related to bonding
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ResourceCarbon allotropes | Johnstone’s triangle worksheets | 14–16 years
Use these worksheets to get learners thinking about carbon allotropes at different levels, from sub-microscopic structures to macroscopic properties
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ResourceMetallic bonding | Johnstone’s triangle worksheets | 14–16 years
Use these worksheets to develop learners’ understanding of metallic bonding, including symbols and diagrams and how macroscopic properties relate to the type of bonding
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NewsSupport students to make sense of models
How your subject knowledge and teaching knowledge combine to transform students’ understanding
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IdeasEscape the classroom: and try microscale chemistry
Escape room puzzles based on simple microscale reactions for students
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NewsUsing student-generated animations to assess conceptions
Harness the power of PowerPoint when teaching molecular motion to identify misconceptions and help students better understand the sub-microscopic world
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NewsResearchers find metacognition aids sub-microscopic understanding
Get research-based tips for improving your students’ sub-microscopic understanding of particle models
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Ideas4 ways to boost students’ understanding of organic chemistry
Alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters don’t have to be difficult – try these practical tips in your classroom
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Ideas5 ways to explain electrolysis
From building good foundations to memorising the rules, these tips will help your students grasp this tricky topic
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Ideas5 practical ideas for using Johnstone’s triangle
How to help your students link conceptual levels
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NewsStudents’ struggle with multiple representations
How important is it for students to be able to move between chemical representations to grasp fundamental chemical concepts and phenomena?