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Thermodynamics

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The topics covered in this Starter for ten are: important definitions, Born-Haber cycles, enthalpy of solution, entropy, and Gibbs free energy.

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Starters for 10: Advanced level 2 (16–18)

Level

16-18 years

Use

Category

Specification

England
- A/AS level
Wales
- A/AS level
  - WJEC Chemistry
    - Unit 3: PHYSICAL AND INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
      - 3.6 Enthalpy changes for solids and solutions
        (a) enthalpy changes of atomisation, lattice formation and breaking, hydration and solution
        (d) exothermicity or endothermicity of ΔfHᵒ as a qualitative indicator of a compound’s stability
      - 3.7 Entropy and feasibility of reactions
        (a) entropy, S, of a system as a measure of the freedom possessed by particles within it and the increase in entropy towards a maximum for all natural changes
        (c) how to calculate an entropy change from absolute entropy values, ΔS = Sfinal – Sinitial
        (d) concept of Gibbs free energy change and how it is calculated using the relationship, ΔG = ΔH – TΔS
    - Unit 2: ENERGY, RATE AND CHEMISTRY OF CARBON COMPOUNDS
      - 2.1 Thermochemistry
        (a) enthalpy change of reaction, enthalpy change of combustion and standard molar enthalpy change of formation, ΔfHᵒ
        (b) Hess’s law and energy cycles
        (d) how to calculate enthalpy changes
Northern Ireland
- A/AS level
  - CCEA Chemistry
    - Unit AS 2: Further Physical and inorganic Chemistry and an Introdution to Organic Chemistry
      - 2.8 Energetics
        2.8.5 define the standard enthalpy of combustion, formation and neutralisation, namely ΔcHӨ, ΔfHӨ and ΔnHӨ;
    - Unit A2 1: Further Physical and Organic Chemistry
      - 4.1 Lattice enthalpy
        4.1.2 construct Born–Haber cycles and carry out associated calculations, such as the halides and oxides of Groups I and II; and
        4.1.3 define and demonstrate understanding of the enthalpy changes associated with the dissolving of ionic compounds in water and carry out associated calculations.
      - 4.2 Enthalpy, entropy, and free energy
        4.2.3 recall that entropy is a measure of disorder;
        4.2.4 calculate the standard entropy change, ΔSӨ, in a chemical reaction using standard entropy data;
        4.2.5 use the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS to calculate standard free energy changes;
        4.2.6 recall that processes are feasible when the free energy change is negative;

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